The Erythropoietin Effect on Uterus Congestion after Uterine Ischemia Reperfusion

Erythropoietin (Epo) belongs to the most occupied growth factor in biomedical studies. It implicates over 29,207 such studies at present; the 3.45% at least of which concern tissueischemia-reperfusion (IR) models.

Uterus Congestion

A popular aim of Epo usage is the reverse potency of IR transient injuries of organs, including their tissues and certainly patients' health. However, satisfactory responses have not yet been received concerning basic affairs, such as, the dosage height, the administration timing, and the action velocity. The knowledge must be promoted besides the original action of Epo in red blood cells production. These specific matters require more detailed management.

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The Growth/Differentiation Factor-15 in Chronic Heart Failure: New Challenge in Biomarker-Guided Therapy?

Heart failure (HF) associating with a significant socioeconomic burden, high rates of hospital admission and cardiovascular (CV) mortality remains a major healthcare problemworldwide.

Chronic Heart Failure

Although widely used clinical guidelines represented by European Society of Cardiology and American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association are in particularly depicted biomarker-guided therapy of HF to improve clinical outcomes and prognosis, there is not completely agreement regarding the role of various biomarkers as a surrogate target of HF care. The hypothesis that intensified therapy of outpatients with different phenotypes of HF (i.e. HF with reduced ejection fraction ([HFrEF], HF with preserved ejection fraction ([HFpEF], and probably HF with mid-regional ejection fraction ([HFmrEF]) under continuously monitoring of some surrogate biomarkers (mainly natriuretic peptides [NPs] and probably soluble ST, cardiac troponins, galectin-3, pro-adrenomedullin) could be better than traditional treatment in a way to improve prognosis appears to be promising.

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Advances in Stem Cell Research over a Period of Time with Therapeutic Applications: Special Emphasis on Parthenogenetic Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Embryonic stem cells (ESC’s) are a set of pluripotent cells unique in character which are obtained from preimplantation blastocyst stage embryos.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

They can either undergo asymmetric divisions whereby they either duplicate themselves or differentiate into another cell type. Adult stem cells on the other hand are undifferentiated cells found around differentiated cells in a tissue or an organ. While they are multipotent they can differentiate into a limited number of cell types. ESC’s can proliferate indefinitely in an undifferentiated state. They express specific markers or characteristics like stage specific embryonic antigens, enzymatic activities like alkaline phosphatase and telomerase, ’stemness’ genes which are rapidly downregulated upon differentiation including Octamer (Oct 4) and Nano g.

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Association of HLA Class I and II Antigens with Vitiligo in Egyptian Population

Vitiligo is a pigmentary disorder that affects 0.38-1.13% of the population in different regions of the world. The pathogenesis of vitiligo is still unknown, but genetic and immunological factors have an important role in the origin of vitiligo.

Vitiligo

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules perform a crucial function in the regulation of the immune response.The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) is now recognized as a major contributing factor for susceptibility to a variety of autoimmune diseases, and numerous associations with vitiligo have focused on the HLA system. Most of them reported multiple HLA class II alleles to be associated with vitiligo in different populations; however, a few studies had consistent association evidence, which might be explained by weak genetic effects or complex gene-gene or gene environmental interactions, population stratification or genetic differences between populations.  

  

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Endothelial Dysfunction an Evolving Target in Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes. It is the single major cause of renal failure in many countries.

Diabetic Nephropathy

This complication reflects a complex pathophysiology, whereby various genetic and environmental factors determine susceptibility and progression to end-stage renal disease. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to diabetes has been estimated to be 30-47% of all incident cases worldwide. Disparities in the incidence of ESRD from diabetes among ethnic groups have existed for many years, but the magnitude has been increasing. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that there are currently 346 million people affected by diabetes worldwide and anticipates that diabetes-related deaths would double by 2030.

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Fibrin: An underrated biopolymer for skin tissue engineering

The ultimate goal in skin tissue regeneration is to develop artificial skin replacements for therestoration of damaged or missing skins in patients as well as to enhance wound healing processes.

Skin tissue engineering

Fibrin, a naturally-occurring biopolymer involved in wound healing has seen widespread use in tissue engineering due to its bioactivity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and facile processability. However, the versatile biopolymer should be further explored and more specifically for skin tissue engineering strategies due to its remarkable skin repair capacity: intrinsic healing properties, adaptable to biomaterial design from its fibrinogen and thrombin precursors and tunable physico-chemical features.

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The FAH Fold Meets the Krebs Cycle

The Krebs (or tricarboxylic acid, TCA) cycle forms a central junction in aerobic metabolism,being connectedto glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism.

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate, an important so-called anaplerotic reaction to provide a sufficient level of metabolites for the TCA cycle. The breakdown of oxaloacetate to pyruvate by oxaloacetate decarboxylases (ODx) is mainly known from prokaryotic organisms where two main variants of ODx enzymes are known: a membrane-bound variant that depends on sodium and biotin and a soluble variant that depends on divalent cations. Far less is known about ODx activity in mammalian organisms, apart from the promiscuous activity of some metabolic enzymes.

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Regulatory Mechanisms of Hsp90

The ability of Hsp90 to activate a disparate clientele implicates this chaperone in diverse biological processes. To accommodate such varied roles, Hsp90 requiresa variety of regulatory mechanisms that are coordinated in order to modulate its activity appropriately.

Hsp90

Amongst these, the master-regulator heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is critically important in upregulating Hsp90 during stress, but is also responsible, through interaction with specific transcription factors (such as STAT1 and Strap/p300) for the integration of a variety of biological signals that ultimately modulate Hsp90 expression. Additionally, transcription factors, such as STAT1, STAT3 (including STAT1-STAT3 oligomers), NF-IL6, and NF-kB, are known to influence Hsp90 expression directly.

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The Importance of Screening for Mild Depression in Adults with Diabetes

Depression is common and burdensome in patients with diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, depression prevalence rates are over three times higher in people with Type 1diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and twice as high in patients with Type 2 diabetesmellitus (T2DM).

Mild Depression

Depression is associated with poor diabetes self-management and poorer prognosis in terms of disease severity, complications, and mortality. Psychological and pharmacological interventions are effective in reducing depression in people with diabetes and lifestyle factors and some pharmacological treatments also improve glycaemic control. Therefore, the importance of screening for and addressing depression in people with diabetes is recognized in the guidelines of several countries and by the International Diabetes Federation. 

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Efficacy of a Novel Epicardium Drug Delivery System for Bone Marrow Stem Cells Treating Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any functional or structural cardiac disorder that impairs the ventricle’s ability to fill with or eject blood. Heart failure not only reduces thepatient's life expectancy, but also causes the patient to breathe difficult, fluid retention and fatigue, which significantly reduce the quality of life of patients.

Almost all of the cardiovascular disease will eventually lead to heart failure, and myocardial infarction is the main cause of heart failure. Heart failure after myocardial infarction can lead to left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction. In the end stage of heart failure, the effect of drugs treatment is very low. Therefore, many studies have turned to use devices to therapy heart failure. 

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Cell-Based Therapy of Ischemic Heart Failure

Heart failure is the number one killer of men and women in the United States. Despite spending more than $35 billion annually on the treatment of heart disease in the US, the number of patients progressingto heart failure is increasing. Currently, there is no strategy to reverse or halt the progression of heart failure.

Ischemic Heart Failure

Over the past few years, stem cell transplantation has risen as a new therapeutic strategy for treating IHF. A large number of preclinical as well as clinical studies were performed using adult bone marrow-derived cells with mixed results. The majority of the studies showed modest improvement in cardiac function in IHF. Among the studies tested adult cell types, cardiac c-Kit+ progenitor cells proved to be potential candidates as therapeutic agents; however, the low cardiogenic potential of transplanted adult cells and c-Kit+ cells may present a major obstacle. 

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ROR1 is an Intriguing Target for Cancer Therapy

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 1 (ROR1) is an oncofetal protein and has gained attention in cancer therapy since its initial discovery as a relatively specific surface antigen on B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in 2008. The list of cancer types with ROR1 expression keeps growing, comprising, amongothers, malignant melanoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. It has been shown that ROR1 mediates several oncogenic pathways in a cancer type- and context-dependent manner.

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 1 

There are several ways to target ROR1 molecule, some of which have been in preclinical and clinical trials. We briefly summarize the oncogenic signaling pathways related to ROR1, as well as the update on ROR1-targeted therapies. ROR1 is transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase-like protein that is mainly expressed in cells during embryogenesis; however, ROR1 has been shown to re-express in several cancer types . At the amino terminus of ROR1 is an extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain, a cysteine-rich domain, also named the Frizzled domain, and a highly folded, cysteine-rich Kringle transmembrane domain. 

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Trastuzumab Combined Oxaliplatin and S-1 Therapy Demonstrated Pathological Complete Response of Synchronous Liver Metastasis of Gastric Cancer

The HER2 positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer (GC) is recommended with Trastuzumab (Tmab) combined cisplatin (CDDP) and capecitabine (Cap).

Otherwise, oxaliplatin (L-OHP) has been replaced in place of CDDP for GC. Furthermore, S-1 is a key oral anticancer drug used in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer in Asia.

A 59- year-old man who received Tmab-SOX therapy for solitary synchronous liver metastasis of GC, because the operated intestinal type GC revealed HER2 score 3+ immunohistochemically.

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Advances in Stem Cell Research over a Period of Time with Therapeutic Applications: Special Emphasis on Parthenogenesis Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Despite the Embryonic stem cells (ESC's) having the potential to provide unlimited cells and tissues for regenerative medicine, their use is difficult because most of them will be rejected by the patient’s immune system unless officially immunomastched.

Although pluripotent stem cells are genetically identical to a patient, they can be established by reprogramming of somatic cells. Limitations remain high cost and they are required to produce clinical grade cells for each kind of patient.

The ESC's derived from parthenogenetic embryos (pESC) which are homozygous for HLA 'S may serve as an alternative for immunomatched therapies for a large number of patients.

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